Photograph by Erfan Vafaie, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension. Figure 8. This new host record is concerning, because American beautyberry is widely distributed in natural areas, roadsides, and urban sites in the southeast. 29 The primary damage from crapemyrtle bark scale is aesthetic rather than being severely harmful to the tree. 2017. Dead scales are dry and flakey, but live crapemyrtle bark scales exude a ruby pink color when crushed. Nymphs produce copious amounts of honeydew, a sugary, sticky excrement, which accumulates on any surfaces beneath where the insects feed. Wang Z, Chen Y, Gu M, Vafaie E, Merchant M, Diaz R. 2016. Photograph by Michael Merchant, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, Bugwood.org. Identification of crapemyrtle bark scale is relatively simple because this is the first and only bark scale known to feed on crapemyrtle in the United States. Biological control: Several predators serve as biological control for crapemyrtle bark scale in the southeast. 1140: 415­-418. Gu M, Merchant M, Robbins J, Hopkins J. More mature scale insects are white to gray and up to 2 mm in length. Figure 12. This will give the plant a more uniform appearance. Contact Us Oklahoma County OSU Extension Center 2500 NE 63rd St. Oklahoma City, OK 73111 Any crapemyrtle covered in sooty mold should be inspected to see if the cause is bark scale or another insect that also produces honeydew and sooty mold, such as crapemyrtle aphid (Tinocallis kahawaluokalani). Only the nymphs and adult females feed and secrete honeydew, which can lead to sooty mold growth (Wang et al. Prune For A Shrub Look The azalea bark scale is in the same genus (Acanthococcus) as crapemyrtle bark scale and appears virtually identical. Felt scales, also called bark scales, are not considered either armored scales or soft scales. The crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus (=Eriococcus) lagerstromiae(Kuwana), was first confirmed in the USA in 2004 in the landscape near Dallas (TX), although it was likely introduced earlier. It is unknown how the scale life cycle might adapt in Florida, and more research on the life cycle is in progress to see if there is a predictable pattern. A few of these are economically or ecologically important and include pomegranate (Punica granatum), Korean boxwood (Buxus microphylla), Chinese hackberry (Celtis sinensis), Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki), border privet (Ligustrum obtusifolium), and brambles (Rubus sp.). A mass of pink eggs may be seen if the white covering is pulled away (Robbins et al. 2017. 254 0 obj <>stream 2016). The scale insect is widely distributed in Asia, especially China, which is thought to be its native range. Photograph by United States National Collection of Scale Insects Photographs, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org. 2016). Heavy infestations of crapemyrtle bark scale produce sufficient honeydew to coat leaves, stems and bark of the tree. If you find crapemyrtle bark scale in an area not yet reported, specimens must first be confirmed by the FDACS Department of Plant Industry (DPI) so that they can publish a first report and take any necessary regulatory actions. Local dispersal is likely a combination of the tiny nymphs walking, by wind blowing crawlers to new plants, by human activities, and by bird and mammal movement between trees (Merchant et al. 2016). Figure 5. Bark and Systemic Insecticidal Control of. Since 2013, in the city of Germantown, there has been a suspicious decrease in the health and appearance of one of the South’s ubiquitous flowering tree species, the crepe myrtle. }�L@�%�]��H�?��G� �l Mississippi State University Extension. Based on urban tree inventories of several major cities in the southeastern U.S., crapemyrtle are among the most common landscape trees planted in this region. As of early 2018, crapemyrtle bark scale has not yet been reported in Florida, however, it has been found in Alabama and Georgia and is expected eventually to spread into Florida. 2014). 2015). However, it is not yet clear what role this plant may play in the spread of crapemyrtle bark scale. This honeydew, in t… Based on regional climates in the U.S., scientists have generated predictions of where this insect may spread. Comparison of normal blossoms (top row) and damaged blossoms (bottom row) caused by crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana). 4 through 6). Figure 4. Crapemyrtle bark scale: A new threat for crapemyrtles, a popular landscape plant in the U.S. Insects. Database. On old growth, the scale insects may be aggregated around pruning wounds or branch crotches, whereas distribution is typically more uniform on new growth where the small, pink juveniles (called crawlers) have recently spread and established. In addition, biological control will not eradicate an invasive population. Merchant ME, Gu M, Robbins J, Vafaie E, Barr N, Tripodi AD, Szalanski AL. Branch dieback and stunted growth has been occasionally observed, but is probably not a primary concern. Crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana), bleeds pink when damaged. The crape myrtle bark scale is easy to identify because it is the only scale insect to infest crape myrtles. Some nymphs continue through incomplete metamorphosis (do not pupate) to become immobile adult females. Many people who call us describe their trees as covered in white dots, or white cotton like bumps. Eriococcus lagerstroemiae, also known as crape myrtle scale, is a small insect that infests crape myrtle trees.It was first seen in Dallas, Texas in 2004 and was thought to be brought in through illegal trade. This scale lives and thrives on crape myrtle, suggesting a different identity for it. Callicarpa americana, however, is native to the United States. Chen Y, Merchant M, Vafaie E, Gu M, Robbins J. 2016). Look-alike species. Most of the scales are likely to be on the upper branches and on small twigs. 2014, Layton 2015). Since the initial sighting in 2004, the crape myrtle bark scale (CMBS) insect has been spreading at an alarming rate across the Southeast. Some nymphs form a white sac and develop into prepupa (c) and then to pupa further inside, before becoming an alate male (e). Based on regional climates in the U.S., scientists have generated predictions of where this insect may spread. Prevention of spread: Human-assisted, long distance movement of plant material via the nursery and landscape trades is most likely how this species becomes established in new regions. Crapemyrtles of Florida (Lagerstroemia indica and hybrids). 2014 Census of Horticultural Specialties. Counties with verified reports of crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana), as of May, 2018. Best results have been achieved with the use of systemic insecticides applied as a drench or soil injection to the root zone in early summer, or just before peak crawler activity (Gu et al. L. (Myrtales: Lythraceae) (Figure 1). Crape myrtle bark scale (CMBS) is not deadly to most crape myrtles, but can affect the quality of the plants and greatly the health and longevity in the landscape, according to Haase. Photograph by Jim Robbins, University of Arkansas, CES, Bugwood.org. When scouting large trees, it is important to look not just at the trunk and lower branches. Crape myrtle flowers do not have nectar, but their “feeder pollens” are … Figure 6. Leaves coated in sooty mold photosynthesize less, which may translate to reduced tree growth (Layton 2015, Wang et al. endstream endobj startxref Crape myrtle scale is the only scale insect to infest crape myrtles. Any sharp point can be used to break open the white felt-like covering to see if a female scale is moist and alive, or has clusters of pink eggs present (Layton 2015, Robbins et al. Scientists were unsure if a nearly identical species, the azalea bark scale, had begun attacking a new host plant or if this was a newly introduced species. 2016. Each female lays about 60 to 250 eggs, which may over-winter within their ovisacs, and then hatch during mid- to late April to May. Robbins J, Hopkins J, Merchant M, Gu M. 2014. Managing Scale Insects on Ornamental Plants 2014, Wang et al. American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana). Cultural control: Some observations suggest that crapemyrtle bark scale infestations may be correlated to shade levels, adding credence to the recommendation that crapemyrtles should be planted in full-sun locations (Cai et al. h�bbd```b``� �3@$�V�6�.�l`�1X�C0�"Y��li0�&����`� �QDrE�٦ rF�d,� b�N��M�L�ρՈ�? Using this information, north Florida is at a moderate to high risk of becoming infested (Wang et al. Activity resumes early in the spring, and the number of crawlers seems to peak around the beginning of summer, and again in late summer (Robbins et al. Bill Sevier for the Tulsa World First detected in northern Texas in 2004, CMBS is spreading throughout much of the southern U.S. Mechanical control: Prior to treatment of heavily infested plants, it can be helpful to wash the reachable branches with a mild soap solution and a soft scrubbing brush. 2015). According to Texas AgriLife Extension, this harmful pest is newly introduced from the Far East. Always inspect crapemyrtles carefully before purchasing or planting, especially if they originated from parts of the southeast where crapemyrtle bark scale is already established. 2018. 2014). Department of Plant Industry (DPI) Sample Submission The females (d-f) do not enter the pre-pupal stage, and start producing eggs following mating with the male. Crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana), adult females and opened egg sacs. 2014). crape myrtle has never before been report-ed as a host plant for azalea bark scale. One of the first signs of this insect is black sooty mold on the bark and leaves. Heavy infestations are easily seen due to abundant black sooty mold and patches of the white or gray scales on the trunk, branches, and twigs of crapemyrtle. The bark scale is in a classification of scale insects known as felt scales, and has an appearance similar to a puffed up grain of white rice. The adult female is usually about 2 mm long and has a distinctive gray-white, felt-like covering. Figure 3. If an infested plant is found in a new area, it may be appropriate to destroy the plant rather than attempt treatment. These aphids feed on the leaves and tender green shoots, but not woody parts of the plant, whereas crapemyrtle bark scales are very rarely seen on the leaves (Layton 2015). A relatively-new (first reports in 2004 in Richardson) insect pest, Eriococcus lagerostroemia, is attacking crape myrtles in North Texas.Crape Myrtle Bark Scale was very likely introduced from Asia and has been spreading around the Dallas-Ft. Worth area and north into Oklahoma. It looks like a white speck stuck to the bark of a trunk or branch. Crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana), infestation with sooty mold covering the bark. The most likely culprit is a scale insect found in China, Japan, and Korea. If left to wait for biological control, the infestation may be allowed time to spread further. However, we hold to crapemyrtle bark scale because it is the recognized common name approved by the Entomological Society of America. and also on American beautyberry (Lamiales: Verbenaceae: Callicarpa americana L.). Imports of crapemyrtle to these areas should be inspected carefully. Plant removal and chemical control are the most effective ways to do this. Irish Green found and reported the first case of Crape Myrtle Bark Scale in Cleveland County August 2016 (confirmed by Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory at Oklahoma State University). Because crapemyrtle bark scale is not yet established in Florida, any discovered populations should be eradicated as soon as possible. Vol. He was born March 3, 1979, at Ada, Oklahoma to David… WILLIAMS, Leota Feb 10, 1938 - Dec 17, 2020 It is unknown how the scale life cycle might adapt in Florida, and more research on the life cycle is in progress to see if there is a predictable pattern. Monitor for ants moving up and down crapemyrtle trees. This species was formerly known as Eriococcus lagerstroemiae Kuwana, so this name may be found in many publications. For a complet e list of products available for managing scale insects in nurseries, see Oklahoma . 2016). UF/IFAS Extension: Crapemyrtle Publications, https://www.eddmaps.org/cmbs/distribution.cfm, Crapemyrtle Bark Scale Resource Website (StopCMBS), Crapemyrtle Bark Scale Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System (EDDMapS), Department of Plant Industry (DPI) Sample Submission, Managing Scale Insects on Ornamental Plants, UF/IFAS Extension: Crapemyrtle Publications, Crape myrtle bark scale management updates, Crape myrtle bark scale: A new exotic pest, EHT-049, Crape Myrtle Bark Scale Identification and Control, Publication 2938, Crapemyrtle Bark Scale: A New Insect Pest, FSA7086. Long, cool autumns yield the best leaf display; sudden frosts following warm, humid fall weather often freeze leaves while theyre still green, ruining the show. Thousands of scales encrusting the bark will literally turn it white. The adult female secretes waxy threads that form a white, felt-like covering around her body and she can lay approximately 100-300 pink eggs underneath this protective covering. 2015, Wang et al. Life cycle of the crapemyrtle bark scale. Crape myrtle bark scale is a relatively recent pest that is affecting crepe myrtle trees in a growing area across the southeastern United States. Vafaie EK., and Knight CM. The primary host in North America, crapemyrtle, Lagerstroemia spp., are deciduous flowering trees popular in ornamental landscapes. Note: There are a several common names for Lagerstroemia species (e.g., crapemyrtle, crape myrtle, crepe myrtle) and these sometimes carry over to the scale insect’s common name, such as crape myrtle bark scale. 7: 33-34. doi. In its na-tive range, this scale, tentatively identified as crape myrtle bark scale (CMBS, Eriococ- Crape myrtle bark scale is relatively easy to identify. If ants are observed moving up and down crapemyrtle trees it may be helpful to identify any insects they are visiting. Figure 10. Knox G, Gu M, Merchant M, Vafaie E, Chen Y, Robbins J. On horizontal branches, they tend to aggregate on the underside, away from sun exposure (Gu et al. A&M has identified this pest as Eriococcus lagerstroemiae, and suspects that it was brought into the U.S. on a crape myrtle plant. 2014, Layton 2015). Photographs by Gary Knox and Ed Gilman, University of Florida. Photograph by Jim Robbins, University of Arkansas CES, Bugwood.org. This may occur when purchasing and moving new plants, or when hauling infested branches away from a site for disposal. 0 Black sooty mold fungi then grow on the honeydew and can result in blackened shrubs, lawn, mulch, concrete, and the crapemyrtle tree itself. Crape Myrtle Bark Scale Identification and Control Crape myrtle bark scale (CMBS) is a serious new threat to southern crape myrtles. In the southeast U.S., there seems to be two to four overlapping generation cycles per year. doi: 10.1093/database/bav118. Most new infestations have been found in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. At that time, early detection and treatment will be critical to minimize further spread within the state. CMBS proliferates on the crape myrtle plant, producing copious amounts of honeydew, which turns the leaves, branches and trunk black with sooty mold. 2016. Nymphs that hatch from the eggs (a) are highly mobile and are called “crawlers” (b). Adult females are felt-like white or gray encrustations that stick to crape myrtle parts ranging from small twigs to large trunks. They are top-sellers in the nursery trade, with the annual wholesale value estimated to be $66 million in 2014 (2014 Census of Horticultural Specialties). We addressed the crape myrtle bark scale in this column last year, but some of the recommendations made by OSU regarding control have changed. Photograph by Gary Brooks, Bayer Crop Science, Bugwood.org. Dr. Mengmeng Gu at Texas A&M is currently conducting research on additional U.S. host plants. The crepe myrtles are among the most satisfactory of plants for the South: showy summer flowers, attractive bark, and (in many cases) brilliant fall color make them year-round garden performers. Photograph by Helene Doughty, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org, #5552233. 2014, Robbins et al. Cai X, Dou H, Gu M, Merchant M, Vafaie E. 2015. When one of the females is crushed, a pink blood-like fluid is released. As with most insects, there are several life stages and the appearance of CMBS changes with the stages. Although this alone will not control an infestation, it can physically remove many female scales and egg masses, making the chemical treatment more effective (Gu et al. Because crapemyrtle is one of the only summer-blooming trees in the landscape, reduction in flower quality and longevity due to heavy infestations is also concerning (Cai et al. For example, it does not feed on crapemyrtle and is primarily a pest on azaleas (Rhododendron species). Most crepe myrtles in gardens are selections of L. indica or hybrids of that specie… Available online: https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/ 2012/Online_Resources/Census_of_Horticulture_Specialties/ (5 May 2018). Crape Myrtle Bark Scale Identification and Control, Publication 2938. By 2014, DNA and morphological tests helped scientists identify this species as Acanthococcus (=Eriococcus) lagerstroemiae, a felt scale from Asia that is known to feed on crapemyrtle species. Buy from reputable nurseries who are knowledgeable about crapemyrtle bark scale and inspect outgoing plants (Robbins et al. 2018. Based on observations from Dallas, Texas, an established infestation may be able to spread locally at approximately five to 10 miles per year. As of spring 2018, crapemyrtle bark scale was reported in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Washington. BILL SEVIER/For the Tulsa World. 2014). García Morales M, Denno BD, Miller DR, Miller GL, Ben-Dov Y, Hardy NB. To keep a crape myrtle at a manageable height, prune moderately by removing all twiggy growth back to main branch from which it emerged. Under - magnif ication, adult females are pink and measure about 2 Encrustations of scale insects remain on a plant long after the insect has died, so it can be helpful to scrape some scales to determine if they are still living. It is one of the only scales known to infest crape myrtles. Once the mated females produce their ovisacs (egg-containing capsules) and lay eggs, they die. CMBS might be able to overwinter in the adult female and egg life stages, and crawlers and later stage nymphs have been observed overwintering under the loose bark and in cracks and crevices of crapemyrtles in our area. 2015. Please refer to the crapemyrtle bark scale EDIS publication (UF/IFAS EDIS) for current management recommendation in Florida, or consult your local UF/IFAS Extension Service office. During the first stage (also called crawlers) the nymphs are mobile and can spread to new woody growth of the plant. 2014, Layton 2015). It was found in Oklahoma County in 2015. Crapemyrtle bark scale is an exotic insect pest from Asia. ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. 2014, Gu et al. Up close, CMBS is whit… The small CMBS males are winged and will fly to find females and to mate. Additional Resources Studies show that some common pesticides (e.g., pyrethroids) cause scale populations to increase. Photograph by Jim Robbins, University of Arkansas CES, Bugwood.org. %PDF-1.5 %���� 2014. The current chemical recommendations may be extremely toxic to bees and other pollinators that feed on crapemyrtle pollen. Crepe Myrtle Bark Scale. Chemical control: Because crapemyrtle bark scale is not yet found in Florida, any discovered populations should be eradicated as soon as possible to slow further spread within the state. The crape myrtle bark scale, Eriococcus lagerstroemiae Kuwana, is a newly introduced insect pest of crape myrtle, Lagerstroemia spp. Mobile and can spread to new woody growth of the southern U.S a uniform... 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